Fertility in Leeds below average as rates for England and Wales reach a new record low

The total fertility rate across both nations, defined as the average number of live children women would expect to have across their childbearing life, stood at 1.41 in 2024. In Leeds, it is lower at 1.28 in 2024 (1.31 in 2023). (note full region list at bottom of this story)

The fertility rate for England and Wales has fallen for the third year in a row to reach a new record low, figures show. The total fertility rate across both nations, defined as the average number of live children women would expect to have across their childbearing life, stood at 1.41 in 2024. This is down from 1.42 in 2023 and is the lowest since comparable data began in 1938, according to the Office for National Statistics (ONS).

For a country’s population to remain stable over time – discounting any impact from migration – the total fertility rate needs to be around 2.1. The drop in the rate comes despite the number of births in England and Wales increasing slightly last year from 591,072 to 594,677. But this was offset by a jump in the size of the overall population, meaning fertility rates fell overall.

The figures come just a day after Scotland’s total fertility rate was also confirmed to have dropped to a new record low, falling from 1.27 in 2023 to 1.25 in 2024. The latest rate for Northern Ireland is due to be published later this year.

The ONS figures show that the West Midlands had the highest regional fertility rate in 2024, at 1.59, while south-west England had the lowest (1.31). Most regions saw a drop in the total fertility rate, with only two – London and the West Midlands – seeing a year-on-year increase. At a local authority level, Luton in Bedfordshire had the highest total fertility rate in 2024 (2.00 children per woman), followed by Barking & Dagenham in London (1.99), Slough in Berkshire (1.96) and Sandwell in the West Midlands (1.91). The City of London had the lowest rate (0.32), followed by Cambridge (0.95), Brighton & Hove in East Sussex (0.97) and Islington in London (0.99). Newport had the highest local rate in Wales (1.64) while Cardiff had the lowest (1.19).

Education Secretary Bridget Phillipson has called on Britons to consider having more children and having them sooner, warning of the “worrying repercussions” posed by the decline in fertility rates: “A generation of young people have been thinking twice about starting a family, worried not only about rising mortgage and rent repayments, wary not only of the price of fuel and food but also put off by a childcare system simultaneously lacking in places and ruinously expensive,” she told The Daily Telegraph in June.

The specific fertility rates for England and Wales show slightly different trends, with the rate for Wales dropping from 1.38 in 2023 to 1.35 in 2024, while the rate for England is unchanged year on year at 1.42. Separate rates for England and Wales have been produced by the ONS only since 2013, so longer-term comparisons are unavailable.

Alongside fertility data, the ONS has also published new figures on the average age of parents. The standardised mean age of mothers in England and Wales in 2024 was 31.0 years, while for fathers it was 33.9: both up by 0.1 years compared with 2023. The average age of parents has risen around two years in the past two decades, up from 29.0 for mothers and 32.1 for fathers in 2004.

Mothers tend to leave a larger gap between their first and second child than for subsequent children, the ONS found. The average age of first-time mothers in 2024 was 29.4 years, with 31.8 for a second child, followed by smaller gaps before the third (32.9) and fourth (33.9).

Here’s the full list:

It shows the total fertility rate in each local area, which is defined as the average number of live children women would expect to have across their childbearing life. The list is ordered by the fertility rate in 2024, starting with the highest. It reads, from left to right: name of local authority; total fertility rate in 2024; (in brackets) total fertility rate in 2023.

Luton 2.00 (1.93)

Barking & Dagenham 1.99 (1.91)

Slough 1.96 (1.85)

Sandwell 1.91 (1.8)

Oldham 1.90 (1.81)

Bradford 1.86 (1.81)

Pendle 1.82 (1.88)

Redbridge 1.81 (1.72)

Bolton 1.80 (1.71)

Walsall 1.80 (1.75)

Wolverhampton 1.80 (1.81)

Gravesham 1.79 (1.77)

Blackburn with Darwen 1.78 (1.75)

Birmingham 1.75 (1.61)

Boston 1.73 (1.66)

Harlow 1.73 (1.63)

Hyndburn 1.73 (1.67)

Stoke-on-Trent 1.72 (1.64)

Burnley 1.71 (1.65)

Rochdale 1.70 (1.74)

Hillingdon 1.69 (1.66)

Peterborough 1.69 (1.66)

Forest of Dean 1.68 (1.56)

Middlesbrough 1.68 (1.65)

Fenland 1.67 (1.66)

Swale 1.67 (1.69)

Brentwood 1.65 (1.53)

Harrow 1.64 (1.55)

Havering 1.64 (1.61)

Newport 1.64 (1.60)

Dartford 1.63 (1.58)

Bury 1.62 (1.63)

Kirklees 1.62 (1.51)

North Lincolnshire 1.62 (1.62)

Thurrock 1.62 (1.64)

Hounslow 1.61 (1.56)

North East Lincolnshire 1.61 (1.57)

Sevenoaks 1.61 (1.60)

Broxbourne 1.60 (1.62)

Doncaster 1.60 (1.67)

Dudley 1.60 (1.62)

East Staffordshire 1.60 (1.68)

Stockton-on-Tees 1.60 (1.56)

Tunbridge Wells 1.60 (1.61)

Central Bedfordshire 1.59 (1.71)

Dover 1.59 (1.50)

Elmbridge 1.59 (1.58)

Epping Forest 1.59 (1.67)

Maidstone 1.59 (1.61)

Ashford 1.58 (1.57)

Buckinghamshire 1.58 (1.60)

Croydon 1.58 (1.59)

Enfield 1.58 (1.60)

South Cambridgeshire 1.58 (1.52)

Watford 1.58 (1.57)

Bedford 1.57 (1.59)

Nuneaton & Bedworth 1.57 (1.61)

Rotherham 1.57 (1.60)

Tendring 1.57 (1.57)

Bassetlaw 1.56 (1.61)

Blackpool 1.56 (1.64)

Dacorum 1.56 (1.62)

Hull 1.56 (1.58)

Ipswich 1.56 (1.56)

King’s Lynn & West Norfolk 1.56 (1.53)

Medway 1.56 (1.64)

Mid Devon 1.56 (1.52)

Vale of White Horse 1.56 (1.55)

Wealden 1.56 (1.59)

Breckland 1.55 (1.54)

Crawley 1.55 (1.58)

Darlington 1.55 (1.56)

Folkestone & Hythe 1.55 (1.49)

Rossendale 1.55 (1.48)

Tameside 1.55 (1.53)

Tandridge 1.55 (1.65)

Tewkesbury 1.55 (1.62)

Waltham Forest 1.55 (1.60)

Basildon 1.54 (1.68)

Cherwell 1.54 (1.53)

Derby 1.54 (1.53)

Mansfield 1.54 (1.53)

Newham 1.54 (1.56)

Spelthorne 1.54 (1.64)

Test Valley 1.54 (1.56)

Tonbridge & Malling 1.54 (1.51)

Barnet 1.53 (1.54)

Calderdale 1.53 (1.57)

Castle Point 1.53 (1.51)

East Hertfordshire 1.53 (1.53)

Herefordshire 1.53 (1.53)

Preston 1.53 (1.42)

Rochford 1.53 (1.57)

Telford & Wrekin 1.53 (1.54)

Uttlesford 1.53 (1.63)

Wakefield 1.53 (1.50)

Ashfield 1.52 (1.49)

Barnsley 1.52 (1.56)

Braintree 1.52 (1.52)

East Cambridgeshire 1.52 (1.52)

Gosport 1.52 (1.48)

North Northamptonshire 1.52 (1.55)

North Warwickshire 1.52 (1.53)

Rushmoor 1.52 (1.54)

South Derbyshire 1.52 (1.52)

Thanet 1.52 (1.57)

Havant 1.51 (1.61)

Merthyr Tydfil 1.51 (1.51)

Mid Sussex 1.51 (1.63)

Milton Keynes 1.51 (1.49)

Runnymede 1.51 (1.43)

Solihull 1.51 (1.49)

Woking 1.51 (1.52)

Wrexham 1.51 (1.55)

Basingstoke & Deane 1.50 (1.50)

Blaenau Gwent 1.50 (1.57)

Brent 1.50 (1.49)

Redcar & Cleveland 1.50 (1.58)

South Oxfordshire 1.50 (1.56)

Southend-on-Sea 1.50 (1.53)

Torfaen 1.50 (1.55)

Wychavon 1.50 (1.50)

Wyre Forest 1.50 (1.46)

Babergh 1.49 (1.48)

Ealing 1.49 (1.45)

Hertsmere 1.49 (1.53)

Knowsley 1.49 (1.61)

Newark & Sherwood 1.49 (1.49)

Oadby & Wigston 1.49 (1.48)

West Northamptonshire 1.49 (1.55)

Denbighshire 1.48 (1.57)

Flintshire 1.48 (1.49)

Isle of Anglesey 1.48 (1.41)

Reigate & Banstead 1.48 (1.48)

Rugby 1.48 (1.45)

Waverley 1.48 (1.53)

Amber Valley 1.47 (1.48)

Bracknell Forest 1.47 (1.43)

Lichfield 1.47 (1.47)

North East Derbyshire 1.47 (1.49)

North Yorkshire 1.47 (1.47)

Pembrokeshire 1.47 (1.48)

Somerset 1.47 (1.52)

Stratford-on-Avon 1.47 (1.48)

Wigan 1.47 (1.51)

Carmarthenshire 1.46 (1.57)

Fylde 1.46 (1.43)

Harborough 1.46 (1.58)

Malvern Hills 1.46 (1.56)

Swindon 1.46 (1.48)

Three Rivers 1.46 (1.41)

West Suffolk 1.46 (1.52)

Winchester 1.46 (1.43)

Wokingham 1.46 (1.47)

Bexley 1.45 (1.48)

Blaby 1.45 (1.51)

Bromley 1.45 (1.48)

Coventry 1.45 (1.47)

Gloucester 1.45 (1.51)

Halton 1.45 (1.46)

Horsham 1.45 (1.52)

Leicester 1.45 (1.49)

Melton 1.45 (1.45)

Mid Suffolk 1.45 (1.54)

North Devon 1.45 (1.50)

North Somerset 1.45 (1.49)

Ribble Valley 1.45 (1.34)

Rutland 1.45 (1.47)

St Albans 1.45 (1.55)

Wiltshire 1.45 (1.51)

Bolsover 1.44 (1.49)

Bromsgrove 1.44 (1.44)

Chichester 1.44 (1.38)

Colchester 1.44 (1.43)

East Lindsey 1.44 (1.47)

East Suffolk 1.44 (1.48)

Great Yarmouth 1.44 (1.57)

Hartlepool 1.44 (1.57)

Hastings 1.44 (1.53)

Redditch 1.44 (1.60)

South Norfolk 1.44 (1.46)

South Staffordshire 1.44 (1.40)

St Helens 1.44 (1.49)

Stockport 1.44 (1.50)

Torridge 1.44 (1.56)

Cheshire East 1.43 (1.45)

Cotswold 1.43 (1.49)

Cumberland 1.43 (1.43)

Gateshead 1.43 (1.43)

Huntingdonshire 1.43 (1.46)

Powys 1.43 (1.49)

South Holland 1.43 (1.49)

Stafford 1.43 (1.41)

Sunderland 1.43 (1.46)

West Berkshire 1.43 (1.51)

West Lancashire 1.43 (1.35)

Chelmsford 1.42 (1.39)

Conwy 1.42 (1.51)

East Hampshire 1.42 (1.46)

Hart 1.42 (1.49)

Lewes 1.42 (1.51)

North Hertfordshire 1.42 (1.44)

Sefton 1.42 (1.39)

South Ribble 1.42 (1.42)

Tamworth 1.42 (1.47)

Vale of Glamorgan 1.42 (1.46)

Windsor & Maidenhead 1.42 (1.40)

Chorley 1.41 (1.39)

Dorset 1.41 (1.36)

Mole Valley 1.41 (1.51)

Monmouthshire 1.41 (1.50)

Staffordshire Moorlands 1.41 (1.47)

Stevenage 1.41 (1.44)

Trafford 1.41 (1.41)

Wirral 1.41 (1.47)

Adur 1.40 (1.51)

Bridgend 1.40 (1.49)

Chesterfield 1.40 (1.49)

Eastleigh 1.40 (1.44)

High Peak 1.40 (1.42)

Neath Port Talbot 1.40 (1.42)

Northumberland 1.40 (1.49)

Rother 1.40 (1.45)

Shropshire 1.40 (1.43)

Sutton 1.40 (1.47)

West Devon 1.40 (1.39)

Cannock Chase 1.39 (1.55)

New Forest 1.39 (1.34)

West Oxfordshire 1.39 (1.56)

Wyre 1.39 (1.42)

East Devon 1.38 (1.48)

East Riding of Yorkshire 1.38 (1.46)

Surrey Heath 1.38 (1.54)

West Lindsey 1.38 (1.43)

Arun 1.37 (1.41)

Maldon 1.37 (1.59)

South Tyneside 1.37 (1.53)

Ceredigion 1.36 (1.31)

Charnwood 1.36 (1.26)

Hinckley & Bosworth 1.36 (1.53)

North Norfolk 1.36 (1.37)

North Tyneside 1.36 (1.37)

South Kesteven 1.36 (1.36)

Stroud 1.36 (1.50)

Caerphilly 1.35 (1.46)

Isle of Wight 1.35 (1.37)

Merton 1.35 (1.37)

Warrington 1.35 (1.41)

Eastbourne 1.34 (1.30)

Epsom & Ewell 1.34 (1.47)

Richmond upon Thames 1.34 (1.30)

Welwyn Hatfield 1.34 (1.36)

Hackney 1.33 (1.29)

Salford 1.33 (1.33)

South Gloucestershire 1.33 (1.39)

Gedling 1.32 (1.47)

Haringey 1.32 (1.31)

Lancaster 1.32 (1.43)

Manchester 1.32 (1.31)

North Kesteven 1.32 (1.35)

Rhondda Cynon Taf 1.32 (1.35)

Cornwall & Isles of Scilly 1.31 (1.4)

County Durham 1.31 (1.37)

Greenwich 1.31 (1.35)

Newcastle-under-Lyme 1.31 (1.34)

Westmorland & Furness 1.31 (1.38)

Cheshire West & Chester 1.30 (1.36)

North West Leicestershire 1.30 (1.42)

Cheltenham 1.29 (1.25)

Erewash 1.29 (1.32)

Fareham 1.29 (1.34)

Guildford 1.29 (1.35)

Gwynedd 1.29 (1.38)

Lewisham 1.29 (1.25)

Nottingham 1.29 (1.28)

Sheffield 1.29 (1.32)

South Hams 1.29 (1.34)

Teignbridge 1.29 (1.41)

Torbay 1.29 (1.33)

Warwick 1.29 (1.33)

Worthing 1.29 (1.29)

Broadland 1.28 (1.45)

Leeds 1.28 (1.31)

Reading 1.28 (1.31)

Worcester 1.28 (1.31)

Canterbury 1.25 (1.23)

Derbyshire Dales 1.25 (1.42)

Kingston upon Thames 1.25 (1.24)

Rushcliffe 1.25 (1.37)

Liverpool 1.24 (1.25)

Bournemouth, Christchurch & Poole 1.23 (1.18)

Plymouth 1.23 (1.23)

Portsmouth 1.23 (1.30)

Lincoln 1.22 (1.10)

Newcastle upon Tyne 1.21 (1.24)

Swansea 1.21 (1.30)

Bath & North East Somerset 1.19 (1.28)

Broxtowe 1.19 (1.25)

Cardiff 1.19 (1.16)

Southampton 1.18 (1.19)

Tower Hamlets 1.18 (1.11)

Hammersmith & Fulham 1.16 (1.04)

Bristol 1.15 (1.13)

Lambeth 1.11 (1.07)

Wandsworth 1.10 (1.14)

Kensington & Chelsea 1.09 (1.11)

Oxford 1.08 (1.07)

Camden 1.05 (1.02)

Exeter 1.05 (1.06)

Norwich 1.05 (1.07)

Southwark 1.05 (1.05)

York 1.04 (1.04)

Westminster 1.00 (0.99)

Islington 0.99 (0.98)

Brighton & Hove 0.97 (0.96)

Cambridge 0.95 (0.92)

City of London 0.32 (0.51)